This is an outdated version published on 2022-05-24. Read the most recent version.

新疆公安文件

職業技能教育培訓中心的警力管理与新疆政策中的偏執妄想症

作者

  • Adrian Zenz Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25365/jeacs.2022.3.zenz

关键词:

新疆, 教育轉化, 警察, 警察化, 陳全國

摘要

從2017 年起,中國政府將維吾爾等少數民族的居民關押在新疆維吾爾自治區所謂的職業技能教育培訓中心(VSECs)。之前的證人證詞和流出的政府文件已勾畫出政治再教育營中警力管理的輪廓。本文選用最新的“新疆公安文件”,即一大批由第三方從新疆公安內部網絡截獲的機密文件,將之與不斷流出的新疆政府內部文件相互印證、比對結合,從前所未有的內部視角展示2017/18 年度超過12%的維吾爾成年人在關押期間的實際境遇:被視為危險罪犯,戴上手銬,若試圖逃跑手持軍用攻擊型武器的特警會隨時開火。有學者認為,政治偏執妄想症是暴行暴政的共同特徵。本研究旨在探討大範圍先發制人式關押普通公民的心理側寫和社會效應,闡述施政者向政治偏執妄想症的退變以及對維吾爾等少數民族威脅性的誇大。

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

参考

Amnesty International. 2021. ’Like we were enemies in a war’ China’s Mass Internment, Torture and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang. London, UK: Amnesty International. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://xinjiang.amnesty.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ASA_17_4137-2021_Full_report_ENG.pd.

ASPI. 2020a. “Konasheher Facility #2.” The Xinjiang Data Project Map. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Accessed February 12, 2022. https://xjdp.aspi.org.au/map/?marker=3270.

ASPI. 2020b. “Konasheher Facility #7.” The Xinjiang Data Project Map. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Accessed February 12, 2022. https://xjdp.aspi.org.au/map/?marker=3528.

Associated Press. 2019. “China tightens up on info after Xinjiang leaks.” December 14, 2019. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://apnews.com/article/religion-ap-top-news-international-news-xi-jinping-china-c1d08873154907be8a3dd93562d6785c.

Autonomous Region Party Political and Legal Affairs Commission. 2017a. Opinions on Further Strengthening and Standardizing Vocational Education and Training Centres Work. Cable from November 5, 2017. Published and Translated by The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) in 2019. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/6558510/China-Cables-Telegram-English.pdf.

Autonomous Region Party Political and Legal Affairs Commission. 2017b. Guanyu jinyibu jiqiang he guifan zhiye jineng jiaoyu peixun zhongxin gongzuo de yijian 关于进一步机枪和规范职业技能教育培训中心工作的意见 (Opinions on Further Strengthening and Standardizing Vocational Education and Training Centres Work). Cable from November 5, 2017. Published by The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) in 2019. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6558509-China-Cables-Telegram-Chinese.html.

Beihai shi. 2018. “Zhao Kezhi zai Xinjiang diaoyan shi qiangdiao shenru guanche luoshi dang zhongyang zhi jiang fanglue jianding bu yi tuijin Xinjiang shehui 赵克志在新疆调研时强调 深入贯彻落实党中央治疆方略 坚定不移推进新疆社会稳定和长治久安 (During his investigation in Xinjiang, Zhao Kezhi emphasized the in-depth implementation of the CPC Central Committee's Strategy of governing Xinjiang, and to unswervingly promote social stability and long-term stability in Xinjiang).” Beihai shi gongan ju, June 16, 2018. Accessed May 17, 2022. http://web.archive.org/web/20220127213657/http:/xxgk.beihai.gov.cn/bhsgaj_87441/gayw_87448/201806/t20180621_1679803.html.

Bekali, Omir. 2021. “Witness Statement.” The Uyghur Tribunal. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/04-1020-JUN-21-UTFW-018-Omir-Bekali-English.pdf.

Bunin, Gene A. 2021a. "The Elephant in the XUAR: II. Brand New Prisons, Expanding Old Prisons, & Hundreds of Thousands of New Inmates." Art of Life in Chinese Central Asia, January 4, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://livingotherwise.com/2021/01/04/the-elephant-in-the-xuar-ii-brand-new-prisons-expanding-old-prisons-and-hundreds-of-thousands-new-inmates/.

Bunin, Gene.2021b. “The Elephant in the XUAR: III. ‘In accordance with the law.’” Art of Life in Chinese Central Asia, April 19, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://livingotherwise.com/2021/04/19/the-elephant-in-the-xuar-iii-in-accordance-with-the-law/.

Byler, Darren. 2021. In the Camps: China’s High-Tech Penal Colony. New York: Columbia Global Reports.

Byler, Darren. 2021. "Chinese Infrastructures of Population Management on the New Silk Road." In Essays on the Rise of China and Its Implications, edited by Abraham M. Denmark and Lucas Myers, 7–34. Washington, DC: Wilson Center Asia Program. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://chinafellowship.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/ASIA-210304%20-%20The%20Wilson%20China%20Fellowship%20report%20-%20web.pdf.

Central Office Bulletin. 2014a. “Xi Jinping tongzhi zai Xinjiang kaocha gongzuo qijian de jianghua 习近平同志在新疆考察工作期间的讲话 (General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Speeches While Inspecting Xinjiang).” Central Office Bulletin no. 21, April 2014. Transcript of original published as Zenz, Adrian. 2021.“The Xinjiang Papers Document No.1.” The Uyghur Tribunal. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Transcript-Document-01.pdf.

Central Office Bulletin. 2014b. “Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, Yu Zhengsheng tongzhi zai di er ci zhongyang Xinjiang gongzuo zuotan huishang de jianghua 习近平、李克强、俞正声同志在第二次中央新疆工作座谈会上的讲话 (Speeches by Comrades Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang and Yu Zhengsheng at the Second Central Xinjiang Work Forum (May 28-29, 2014)).” Central Office Bulletin no. 25, April 2014. Transcript of original published as Zenz, Adrian. 2021.“The Xinjiang Papers Document No.1.” The Uyghur Tribunal. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Transcript-Document-02.pdf.

“Chen Quanguo shuji 2017nian 8·30 shipin huiyi jianghua yingzhi yinghui 陈全国书记 2017 年 8·30 视频会议讲话 应知应会) (Secretary Chen Quanguo’s Speech at the Video Conference on August 30th, 2017 – Required Knowledge and Skills).” Transcript of original published as Zenz, Adrian. 2021.“The Xinjiang Papers Document No.4.” The Uyghur Tribunal. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Transcript-Introduction0.0-04.pdf.

Gao Jin 高晋 and Zhao Yue 赵越.2004. “Luoyang jian xi fayuan shixing zhi ting yajie gongzuo jingjie dengji guanli zhidu 洛阳涧西法院实行值庭押解工作警戒等级管理制度 (Luoyang Jianxi Court Implements a Vigilance Level Management System for Escort Work in Court).” Henan High People’s Court. Accessed May 17, 2022. http://web.archive.org/web/20220210221214/http://www.hncourt.gov.cn/public/detail.php?id=28101.

Grauer, Yael. 2021. “Revealed: Massive Chinese Police Database – Millions of Leaked Police Files Detail Suffocating Surveillance of China’s Uyghur Minority.” The Intercept, January 29, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://theintercept.com/2021/01/29/china-uyghur-muslim-surveillance-police/.

Greitens, Sheena Chestnut, Myunghee Lee, and Emir Yazici. ‘Counterterrorism and Preventive Repression: China’s Changing Strategy in Xinjiang.’ International Security 44, no. 3 (Winter 2019/20): 9–47. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/counterterrorism-and-preventive-repression-chinas-changing-strategy-xinjiang.

Heilmann, Sebastian. 2017. China’s Political System. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

Human Rights Watch. 2019. China’s Algorithms of Repression, Reverse Engineering a Xinjiang Police Mass Surveillance App. Human Rights Watch. Accessed February 4, 2022. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/05/01/chinas-algorithms-repression/reverse-engineering-xinjiang-police-mass#.

Human Rights Watch. 2021. China: Baseless Imprisonments Surge in Xinjiang, Harsh, Unjust Sentences for Uyghurs, Other Muslims. Human Rights Watch. Accessed February 4, 2022. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/02/24/china-baseless-imprisonments-surge-xinjiang.

International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). 2019. “Read the China Cables Documents.” International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, November 24, 2019. https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/read-the-china-cables-documents/.

Jiashi xian. 2021. “Maimaiti Shalijiang·Sailayi 买买提沙力江·赛来义.” Payzawat County Government Website Jiashi xian renmin zhengfu wang 伽师县人民政府网, December 16, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. http://www.xjjsx.gov.cn/Item/28447.aspx, archived version: https://archive.ph/y4EY0.

Kam, Stephanie and Michael Clarke. 2021. “Securitization, Surveillance, and ‘de-extremization’ in Xinjiang.” Chatham House International Affairs 97, Issue 3. Accessed May 17, 2022. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/97/3/625/6219662.

Khatchadourian, Raffi. 2021. “Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang.” The New Yorker, April 5, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/12/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang.

Leibold, James. 2019a. “The Spectre of Insecurity: The CCP’s Mass Internment Strategy in Xinjiang.” China Leadership Monitor, March 1, 2019. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.prcleader.org/leibold.

Leibold, James. 2019b. “Surveillance in China’s Xinjiang Region: Ethnic Sorting, Coercion, and Inducement.” Journal of Contemporary China 29 (121): 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2019.1621529.

Liu Jianping 刘建平. 2015. “Liu Jianping buzhang zai quanshi jiaoyu xitong chuanjian quanguo wenming chengshi tuijin hui shang de jianghua 刘建平部长在全市教育系统创建全国文明城市推进会上的讲话 (Speech by Minister Liu Jianping at the Promotion Meeting of the City’s Education System to Create a National Civilized City).” Ezhou shi jiaoyu ju 鄂州市教育局 (Ezhou Education Bureau), October 15, 2015. https://bit.ly/3syi7An.

Moses, Dirk A. 2011. “Paranoia and Partisanship: Genocide Studies, Holocaust Historiography, and the ‘Apolitical Conjuncture.’” The Historical Journal 54 (2): 553-583. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X11000124.

Moses, Dirk A. 2021. The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression. Human Rights in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316217306.

Rajagopalan, Megha, Allison Killing, and Christo Buschek. 2020. “China Secretly Built A Vast New Infrastructure to Imprison Muslims.” BuzzFeed News, August 27, 2020. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/china-new-internment-camps-xinjiang-uighurs-muslims.

Ramzy, Austin and Chris Buckley. 2019. “‘Absolutely No Mercy’: Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims.” The New York Times, November 16, 2019. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html.

Roberts, Sean R. 2020. The War on the Uyghurs: China’s Internal Campaign against a Muslim Majority. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691202181/the-war-on-the-uyghurs.

Robins, Robert S. and Jerrod M. Post. 1997. Political Paranoia: The Psychopolitics of Hatred. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Ruser, Nathan. 2020. “Exploring Xinjiang’s Detention System.” The Xinjiang Data Project Australian Strategic Policy Institute, September 2020. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://xjdp.aspi.org.au/explainers/exploring-xinjiangs-detention-facilities/.

Schubert, Gunter and Björn Alpermann. 2019. “Studying the Chinese Policy Process in the Era of ‘Top-Level Design’: the Contribution of ‘Political Steering’ Theory.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 2. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/studying-the-chinese-policy-process-in-the-era-of-top-level-desi/16410036.

Special Correspondent. 2018. “A Summer Vacation in China’s Muslim Gulag.” Foreign Policy, February 28, 2018. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/28/a-summer-vacation-in-chinas-muslim-gulag/.

Su, Yang and Xin He. 2010. “Street as Courtroom: State Accommodation of Labor Protest in South China.” Law and Society Review Association 44, Issue 1: 157-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2010.00399.x.

Sudworth, John. 2019. “Inside China’s ‘Thought Transformation’ Camps.” BBC News, Youtube Video, 11:58. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmId2ZP3h0c.

Sudworth, John. 2021. “‘If the Others Go I’ll Go’: Inside China’s Scheme to Transfer Uighurs into Work.” BBC News Beijing, March 2, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-56250915.

Tobin, David. 2020. Securing Chinas Northwest Frontier: Identity and Insecurity in Xinjiang. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tobin, David. 2021. “Peering into China’s Decision-Making: What are the ‘Xinjiang Papers’?” RUSI, December 16, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/peering-chinas-decision-making-what-are-xinjiang-papers.

Varela, William Koblensky. “Omar Bekali Survived the Uyghur Genocide in Xinjiang, China.” Orato World, July 26, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://orato.world/2021/07/26/omar-bekali-survived-the-uyghur-genocide-in-xinjiang-and-still-fights-the-chinese-government/.

Von Kameke, Leander. 2021. “Prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants Asia 2021 by country or region.” Statistica. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/315605/asian-countries-with-the-most-prisoners-per-100-000-inhabitants/

Wang, Leizhan. 2021. Witness Statement [English]. The Uyghur Tribunal. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/07-1000-JUN-21-UTFW-022-Wang-Leizhan-English.pdf.

Wang, Leizhan 王雷战. 2021. Witness Statement [Chinese]. The Uyghur Tribunal. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/07-1000-JUN-21-UTFW-022-Wang-Leizhan-Mandarin.pdf.

Wang, Yanan. 2019.“China Says Muslim ‘Training’ Centers Will Slowly Disappear.” ABC News, March 12, 2019. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/china-muslim-training-centers-slowly-disappear-61623692.

Wang, Yanan and Dake Kang. 2019. “Exposed Chinese Database Shows Depth of Surveillance State.” AP News, February 19, 2019. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://apnews.com/article/china-technology-beijing-race-and-ethnicity-international-news-6753f428edfd439ba4b29c71941f52bb.

Xinjiang Bureau of Statistics. 2019. Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook 2019. Beijing: China Statistical Press.

Xinjiang Victims Database Entry 25199: Osmanjan Rozi (吾斯曼江·肉孜). Xinjiang Victims Database. Accessed February 9, 2022. https://shahit.biz/eng/viewentry.php?entryno=25199.

Xinjiang Victims Database Entry Entry 948: Tunsagul Nurmemet (吐尼沙姑力·努尔麦麦提). Xinjiang Victims Database. Accessed February 9, 2022. https://shahit.biz/eng/viewentry.php?entryno=948.

Xinjiang Victims Database Entry 4981: Amanzhan Seiit. Xinjiang Victims Database. Accessed February 9, 2022. https://shahit.biz/eng/#4981.

Xinjiang Victims Database. 2022. Accessed February 11, 2022. https://shahit.biz/eng/#filter.

Xinjiang People’s Congress. 2018. Xinjiang weiwu’er zizhiqu di shisan jie renmin dai-biao dahui changwu weiyuanhui gonggao(di qi hao) 新疆维吾尔自治区第十三届人民代表大会常务委员会公告(第7号)(Announcement of the Standing Committee of the Thirteenth People’s Congress of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). October 9, 2018. Zizhiqu renda changwei hui. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210403024757/http:/www.xjpcsc.gov.cn/article/216/lfgz.html.

Xinjiang Weiwu’er zizhiqu jianshe gongcheng zhaobiao toubiao jiandu guanli 新疆维吾尔自治区自治区住房和城乡建设厅 (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Construction Project Tendering and Bidding Supervision and Administration.) 2017. “Shu fu xian fazhi jiaoyu zhuanhua xuexiao jianshe xiangmu sheji (er ci) 疏附县法制教育转化学校建设项目设计 (二次) (Shufu County Legal Re-Education ‘School’ Construction Project Design.)” June 5, 2017. https://bit.ly/3GAYEE9.

XUAR local chronicle. 2018. Xinjiang weiwu’er zizhiqu difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编纂委员会 (Local Chronicle Compilation Committee of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). 2018. “ pianmu shending hui ji gongzuo bushu hui zhaokai” 《抗日战争志》篇目审定会暨工作部署会召开 (‘Anti-Japanese War Chronicle’ content review meeting and work deployment meeting). Xinjiang fangzhi xin xi 新疆方志信息 (Xinjiang Local History Information). October 10, 2018. Accessed April 12, 2022. https://archive.ph/EeHcm#selection-331.0-331.6.

XUAR Stability Maintenance Work Command. 2017. “Guanyu yingdui Yingguo xilie kongbu xiji shijian ciji yingxiang jinyibu qianghua quanqu fankong weiwen gongzuo de tongzhi 关于应对英国系列恐怖袭击事件刺激影响 进一步强化全区反恐维稳工 作的通知 (Notice on Responding to the Stimulus and Impact of a Series of Terrorist Attacks in the UK and Further Strengthening the Counterterrorism and Stability Maintenance Work in the Region).” Cable from June 29, 2017. Transcript of original published as Zenz, Adrian. 2021.“The Xinjiang Papers Document No.3.” The Uyghur Tribunal. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Transcript-Document-03.pdf.

Zenz, Adrian. 2018a. “New Evidence for China’s Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang.” The Jamestown Foundation China Brief 18, Issue 10. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://jamestown.org/program/evidence-for-chinas-political-re-education-campaign-in-xinjiang/.

Zenz, Adrian. 2018b. “‘Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude’: China’s Political Re-education Campaign in Xinjiang.” Central Asian Survey 38:1, 102–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2018.1507997.

Zenz, Adrian. 2018c. “Xinjiang’s Re-Education and Securitization Campaign: Evidence from Domestic Security Budgets.” The Jamestown Foundation China Brief 18, Issue 17. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://jamestown.org/program/xinjiangs-re-education-and-securitization-campaign-evidence-from-domestic-security-budgets/

Zenz, Adrian. 2019a. “Break Their Roots: Evidence for China’s Parent-Child Separation Campaign in Xinjiang.” The Journal of Political Risk 7, No.7. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.jpolrisk.com/break-their-roots-evidence-for-chinas-parent-child-separation-campaign-in-xinjiang/.

Zenz, Adrian. 2019b. ““Wash Brain, Cleanse Hearts”: Evidence from Chinese Government Documents about the Nature and Extent of Xinjiang’s Extrajudicial Internment Campaign.” The Journal of Political Risk 7, no.11. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.jpolrisk.com/wash-brains-cleanse-hearts/.

Zenz, Adrian. 2020a. “The Karakax List: Dissecting the Anatomy of Beijing’s Internment Drive in Xinjiang.” The Journal of Political Risk 8, no.2. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.jpolrisk.com/karakax/

Zenz, Adrian. 2020b. “Sterilizations, IUDs, and Mandatory Birth Control: The CCP’s Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birthrates in Xinjiang.” The Jamestown Foundation, June 2020. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://jamestown.org/product/sterilizations-iuds-and-mandatory-birth-control-the-ccps-campaign-to-suppress-uyghur-birthrates-in-xinjiang/.

Zenz, Adrian. 2021a. “Coercive Labor and Forced Displacement in Xinjiang’s Cross-Regional Labor Transfer Program: A Process-Oriented Evaluation.” The Jamestown Foundation, March 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://jamestown.org/product/coercive-labor-and-forced-displacement-in-xinjiangs-cross-regional-labor-transfer-program/.

Zenz, Adrian. 2021b. “’End the Dominance of the Uyghur Ethnic Group’: An Analysis of Beijing’s Population Optimization Strategy in Southern Xinjiang.” Central Asian Survey 40 (3): 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2021.1946483.

Zenz, Adrian. 2021c. “The Xinjiang Papers: An Introduction.” The Uyghur Tribunal, November 27, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/The-Xinjiang-Papers-An-Introduction-1.pdf.

Zenz, Adrian. 2021d. “The Xinjiang Papers: An Analysis of Key Findings and Implications for the Uyghur Tribunal in London.” The Uyghur Tribunal. December 9, 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/The-Xinjiang-Papers-An-Analysis-for-the-Uyghur-Tribunal.pdf.

Zenz, Adrian. 2022. “Public Security Minister’s Speech Describes Xi Jinping’s Direction of Mass Detentions in Xinjiang.” ChinaFile. May 24, 2022. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://www.chinafile.com/node/53986.

Zenz, Adrian and James Leibold. 2017. “Chen Quanguo: The Strongman Behind Beijing’s Securitization Strategy in Tiber and Xinjiang.” The Jamestown Foundation China Brief 17, Issue 12. Accessed May 17, 2022. https://jamestown.org/program/chen-quanguo-the-strongman-behind-beijings-securitization-strategy-in-tibet-and-xinjiang/.

Zenz, Adrian and James Leibold. 2019. “Securitizing Xinjiang: Police Recruitment, Informal Policing and Ethnic Minority Cooptation.” The China Quarterly 242: 324–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741019000778.

Zhaobiao danwei: shu fu xian sifa ju 招标单位:疏附县司法局 (Bidding Unit: Shufu County Justice Bureau). 2017. “Shufu xian fazhi jiaoyu zhuanhua xuexiao jianshe xiangmu – sheji 疏附县法制教育转化学校建设项目设计. Shufu County Legal Education Transformation School Construction Project—Design.” Shufu County Justice Bureau shufu xian sifa ju 疏附县司法局, June 5, 2017. https://archive.is/Ack0L#selection-291.2-297.6.

Zhaobiao pindao 招标频道 (Bidding Channel). 2017. “Fazhi jiaoyu zhuanhua xuexiao jianshe yi biao duan yu zhongbiao jieguo 法制教育转化学校建设一标段预中标结果 The Results of Pre-Bidding of the 1st Bid Section of the Legal Education Transformation School Construction.” Shufu xian fazhi jiaoyu zhuanhua xuexiao jianshe xiangmu 疏附县法制教育转化学校建设项目. July 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180617184616/http:/www.bidcenter.com.cn/newscontent-40133896-4.html.

Zhaoshang wangluo n.d. “Tekesi xian kuobu jie wu huan wai 特克斯县阔步街五环外 (Tekes County Kuobu Street outside the 5th ring [road]).” http://web.archive.org/web/20220509213157/https://xj.zhaoshang.net/tudi/chengjiao/b31ec123-2bcb-3798-ac86-0ae45da90c0b.html

Zhou, Zhongbing and Quande Qin. 2020.“Decoding China’s Natural Gas Development: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Five-Year Plans.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 151: 119798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119798.

Downloads

已出版

2022-05-24

Versions

How to Cite

Zenz, A. (2022). 新疆公安文件: 職業技能教育培訓中心的警力管理与新疆政策中的偏執妄想症. The Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies 歐洲漢學學會學刊, 3, 1–56. https://doi.org/10.25365/jeacs.2022.3.zenz

栏目

Research Articles