記憶的錯位
南京大報恩寺塔的文化生命
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25365/jeacs.2022.3.lin关键词:
大報恩寺, 金陵梵刹志, 琉璃塔, 南京, 瓷塔, 約翰·紐霍夫摘要
一個地方可以被賦予各種不同的意義，建於明代南京的大報恩寺琉璃塔就是最好的例證。這座佛塔於1428年完工，曾是城市最高的建築，後於太平天國運動中被毀壞。本文宗旨並不在於重現報恩寺塔的準確歷史，而是探討它在明清時期的各種文化背景中如何被記憶和想像的。本文首先通過四種不同的文本討論這座佛塔的文化含義，即隱含政治目的的詔書、作爲宗教建築及寺產的佛寺志、被標示為城市坐標的文人游記、將其作爲概念化景觀中奇異景象的歐人遊記及百科全書。明清時期，報恩寺塔被稱作“琉璃塔”；在十七世紀之後的歐洲，它卻常被稱作“瓷塔”。對早期全球現代化背景下這種一物多名的文化邏輯，文章最後部分將進行解讀。透過考察對報恩寺塔多重意象的生成，本文從多種視角度探討宗教、政治、文化和社會話語與地方建構交織在一起的複雜過程，並闡述有關報恩寺塔的文字和圖像如何豐富我們對宗教場所融入城市肌理以及明清時期起中國對外文化交流的理解。
Downloads
参考
Allom, Thomas and George Newenham Wright. 1858-1859. The Chinese Empire Illustrated: Being a Series of Views from Original Sketches, Displaying the Scenery, Architecture, Social Habits etc., of that Ancient and Exclusive Nation. London: The London Printing and Publishing Company (Limited). Harvard-Yenching Library/Harvard Library, Cambridge, MA.
Blussé, Leonard. 2013. “Peeking into the Empires: Dutch Embassies to the Courts of China and Japan.” Itinerario 37.3: 13-29.
Blussé, Leonard and R. Falkenburg. 1987. Johan Nieuhofs beelden van een Chinareis, 1655–1657. Middelburg: Stichting VOC publicaties.
Boerschmann, Ernst. 1931. Die Baukunst und Religiöse Kultur der Chinesen, Vol. 3: Einzeldarstellungen auf Grund Eigener auf Nahmen Während Dreijähriger Reisen in China.
Berlin: G. Reimer.
Brose, Benjamin. 2016. “Resurrecting Xuanzang: The Modern Travels of a Medieval Monk.” In Recovering Buddhism in Modern China, edited by Jan Kiely and J. Brooks Jessup, 143–176. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cahill, James. 1982. The Compelling Image: Nature and Style in Seventeenth Century Chinese Painting. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Chambers, William. 1757. Designs of Chinese Buildings, Furniture, Dresses, Machines and Utensils. London: J. Haberkorn.
----. 1763. Plans, Elevations, Sections and Perspective Views of the Gardens and Buildings at Kew in Surrey. London: J. Haberkorn, 1763.
----. 1773. A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening. London: W. Griffin.
Chan, Hok-lam. 1988. “The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te Reigns, 1399–1435.” In The Cambridge History of China, edited by Frederick Mote and Denis Twitchett, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1, 182–304. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Chijian Bao’ensi fancha zhi 敕建報恩寺梵刹志 (Gazetteer of the imperially commissioned Buddhist Monastery of Repaying Parental Kindness). Wuming 悟明. (1796-1820) 2014. Nanjing: Fenghuang chubanshe.
Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste. 1735. Description Geographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique, et Physique de l'Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise. Paris: P.-G. le Mercier.
Eng, Clarence. 2016. “The Porcelain Pagoda: A persisting enigma.” In Ming China: courts and contacts, 1400–1450, edited by Craig Clunas, Jessica Harrison-Hall, and Yu Ping Luk, 178–188. London: The British Museum, 2016.
Fan Jinmin 范金民. 2009. “Chen Yi he ta de Bao’ensi Liuli taji” 陳沂和他的《報恩寺琉璃塔記》(Chen Yi and his Record of the Liuli Ceramic Pagoda at the Monastery of Repaying Parental Kindness). In Ming Taizu yu Fengyang: Zhongguo Ming shi xuehui huiyi lunwen ji 明太祖與鳳陽—中國明史學會論文集 (Proceedings of the Chinese Association for Ming History conference on Ming Taizu and Fengyang), 386-392.
Fei, Si-yen. 2010a. Negotiating Urban Space: Urbanization and Late Ming Nanjing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
----. 2010b. “Ways of Looking: The Creation and Social Use of Urban Guidebooks in Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century China.” Urban History 37.2: 226–248.
Finlay, John. 2020. Henri Bertin and the Representation of China in Eighteenth-Century France. Milton: Taylor and Francis.
Goodman, Bryna. 1995. Native Place, City, and Nation: Regional Networks and Identities in Shanghai, 1853–1937. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hay, Jonathan. 1999. “Ming Palace and Tomb in Early Qing Jiangning: Dynastic Memory and the Openness of History.” Late Imperial China 20.1: 1-48.
----. 2001. Shitao: Painting and Modernity in Early Qing China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
He Xiaorong 何孝榮. 2011. “Lun Wanli nianjian Ge Yinliang de Nanjing fojiao gaige” 論萬曆年間葛寅亮的南京佛教改革 (On Ge Yinliang’s Buddhist reform in Nanjing during the Wanli era). Chengda lishi xuebao 成大歷史學報 (Cheng Kung journal of historical studies) 40.6: 61-92.
Hsu, Eileen Hsiang-ling. 2012-13. “Green, Amber, and Cream: The Forgotten Art of “Liuli” Glazed Ceramics in Ming China.” Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University 71/72: 36-55, 57.
Impey, Oliver. 1977. Chinoiserie: The Impact of Oriental Styles on Western Art and Decoration. London: Oxford University Press.
Jinling fancha zhi 金陵梵刹志 (Gazetteer of Jinling Buddhist Monasteries). Ge Yinliang 葛寅亮 (ed.). Preface 1607, reprinted 1936. Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Library/Harvard Library.
Johnson, Linda Cooke, ed. 1993. Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Kafalas, Philip A. 2007. In Limpid Dream: Nostalgia and Zhang Dai's Reminiscences of the Ming. Norwalk: EastBridge.
Kieschnick, John. 2003. The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Kuhn, Philip. 1978. “The Taiping Rebellion.” In The Cambridge History of China, edited by John Fairbank, Volume 11: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 1, 264-317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Le Comte, Louis-Daniel. 1697-1698. Nouveaux mémoires sur l’état présent de la Chine, 3rd edition. Amsterdam: H. Desbordes.
Leng Mei 冷媚. 2016. “Mingdai Baoensi liulita tanxi 明代報恩寺琉璃塔探析 (Exploration about the Liuli Pagoda at the Monastery of Repaying Parental Kindness).” Wenwu jianding yu jianshang 文物鑒定與鑒賞 (Antique authentication and appraisal) 12: 56–57.
Lin Li-chiang. 2011. “A Study of the Xinjuan hainei qiguan, a Ming Dynasty Book of Famous Sites.” In Bridges to Heaven: Essays on East Asian Art in Honor of Professor Wen C. Fong, edited by Jerome Silbergeld, Dora C. Y. Ching, Judith G. Smith, and Alfreda Murck, Volume 1, 779–812. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Liu Shufen 劉淑芬. 2009. “Xuanzang de zuihou shinian (655-664): Jianlun Zhongzhang ernian (669) gaizang shi” 玄奘的最後十年(655—664) ——兼論總章二年(669)改葬事 (The final ten years of Xuanzang (655–664): With a discussion of his reburial in 669). Zhonghua wenshi luncong 中華文史論叢 (Journal of Chinese literature and history) 95.3: 2-97.
Meyer-Fong, Tobie. 2003. Building Culture in Early Qing Yangzhou. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Ming shi 明史 (Ming history). (1736) 1974. Zhang Tingyu 張廷玉 (ed.). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
Mote, Frederick. 1973. “A Millennium of Chinese Urban History: Form, Time, and Space Concepts in Soochow.” Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies 59 (1973): 35-65.
---. 1977. “The Transformation of Nanking, 1350–1400.” In The City in Late Imperial China, edited by William Skinner, 101–54. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Nieuhof, Johan. 1669. An Embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, Emperour of China. London: Printed by John Macock for the author. McGill University Library, Montreal.
Ouyang Nan 歐陽楠. 2012. “Wan Ming Nanjing diqu de siyuan dengji yu siyuan jingji: Yi Jinling fancha zhi wei zhongxin de kaocha” 晚明南京地区的寺院等级与寺院经济——以《金陵梵刹志》为中心的考察 (Ranking and economy of Buddhist monasteries in late Ming Nanjing: With a focus on Gazetteer of Jinling Buddhist Monasteries). Shijie zongjiao yanjiu 世界宗教研究 (Studies in world religions) 3:39-50.
Porter, David. 2010. The Chinese Taste in Eighteenth-Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Qi Haining祁海寧. 2018. “Huangjia siyuan de jieyi: Nanjing Dabao’en si yizhi chutu Ming dai foxiang yu liunaju zhuan” 皇家寺院的孑遺：南京大報恩寺遺址出土明代佛像與六拏具磚 (Survivors at the monastery sponsored by the imperial family: Ming Buddhist statues and six-animal-patterned bricks excavated from the remains of the Great Monastery of Repaying Parental Kindness). Wenwu 文物 (Cultural relics) 5: 69-87.
Qi Haining and Zhou Baohua 周寶華. 2016. “Nanjing Dabao’en si yizhi taji yu digong fajue jianbao” 南京大報恩寺遺址塔基與地宮發掘簡報 (A brief report on the excavation of the foundations and crypt at the Great Monastery of Repaying Parental Kindness). In Nanjing wenwu kaogu xin faxian: di si ji 南京文物考古新發現: 第四輯 (New discoveries in the fields of cultural relics and archaeology in Nanjing: Volume 4), edited by Hu Ning 胡寧 and Qi Haining, 125-154. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.
Schmidt, Benjamin. 2015. Inventing Exoticism: Geography, Globalism, and Europe's Early Modern World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
Schopen, Gregory. 1984. “Filial Piety and the Monk in the Practice of Indian Buddhism: A Question of ‘Sinicization’ Viewed from the Other Side.” T’oung Pao 70:110–126.
Smentek, Kristel. 2019. “A Prospect of China in Eighteenth-Century France: The Pagoda at Chanteloup.” Thresholds 47: 161–175.
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. 2019. Chinese Architecture: A History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Taoan mengyi 陶庵夢憶 (Reminiscences in dreams of Tao’an). (1775) 1982. Zhang Dai 張岱. Shanghai: Shanghai guji.
van Campen, Jan. 2021. Collecting China: Jean Theodore Royer (1737-1807), collections and Chinese studies. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren.
Wang Cheng-hua 王正華. 2005. “Guoyan fanhua: Wanming chengshi tu, chengshi guan yu wenhua xiaofei de yanjiu 過眼繁華：晚明城市圖、城市觀與文化消費的研究 (The Representation of Cities and the Consumption of City Views in Late-Ming China)”. In Zhongguo de chengshi shenghuo 中國的城市生活 (Chinese urban life), edited by Li Xiaoti 李孝悌, 1-52. Taipei: Lianjing chuban.
Yang Erzeng 楊爾曾. 1609. Xinjuan hainei qiguan 新鎸海内奇觀 (The newly engraved marvellous views within the seas). Hangzhou: Yibai tang.
Yu, Xin. 2018. “Liuli in Buddhist Rituals and Art in Medieval China.” Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies 1.2: 231–268.
Zhang Huiyi 張惠衣. 1937. Jinling Dabaoen ta zhi 金陵大報恩寺塔志 (Treatise on the Great Monastery of Repaying Parental Kindness and its pagoda in Jinling). Beijing: Shangwu chubanshe. Harvard-Yenching Library/Harvard Library, Cambridge, MA.
Zhang Lusheng 張露勝. 2018. “Jingde zhen Zhushan guanyao yizhi chutu de zhejiao baici tazhuan yanjiu” 景德鎮珠山官窯遺址出土的折角白瓷塔磚研究 (Research on the L-shaped white porcelain bricks excavated from the site of the Zhushan imperial kiln at Jingdezhen). Bowuguan yanjiu 博物館研究 (Museum studies) 142.2: 91–93.
Zhu Zhifan 朱之蕃. 1624. Jinling tuyong 金陵圖詠 (Illustrations and odes of Jinling). Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
已出版
Versions
- 2023-01-05 (2)
- 2022-12-30 (1)
How to Cite
期
栏目
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Fan Lin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
