1978-1981年的民主牆運動與毛澤東離世後中共高層的改革派
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25365/jeacs.2021.2.127-167关键词:
民主牆運動, 大字報, 理論工作務虛會, 鄧小平, 改革派摘要
1978年底，時值毛澤東逝世兩周年之際，鄧小平領導下的中國爆發了一場縱貫政治、經濟領域的改革大辯論。一些年輕人主張社會自由化、政治民主化。他們把訴求以大字報的形式張貼在城裡的民主牆上或發表在小型民辦刊物上。這一運動很快被冠以“民主牆運動”之名，也被稱為1978-1981年間的“北京之春”。中共領導高層的一些改革派也被這次黨外的基層民主運動所影響，甚至在最高層的中央改革會議上也能聽到各種不同的觀點。鄧小平起初對大字報及其發揮的批評作用予以肯定，但後來在關於“四項基本原則”的重要講話中，遏止了同情民主運動的勢力。本文基於對民主運動親歷者的採訪和當時黨內改革派人士的回憶錄，分析高層幹部和領導人獲取基層民主運動信息的縱向途徑、黨內改革派與黨外民運活動分子的橫向關係。對民主運動的鎮壓由鄧小平親自策劃指揮，時任中共黨委書記、前共青團第一書記的胡耀邦並無足夠權力支持這次基層運動並保護這批年輕的民運人士。
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