Wang Meng and Self-censorship
Cultural Unity and Socialist Values in 1950s China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25365/jeacs.2020.1.129-160关键词:
王蒙, 中國審查制度, 中國五十年代, 社會主義官僚主義, 中國社會主義小說摘要
上世紀50年代曾任文化部長的王蒙寫的兩部小說《青春萬歲》和《組織部新來的年輕人》呈現了中國50年代積極向上的樂觀主義精神。 《青春萬歲》寫的是一群追崇自由,隨性爛漫,不喜被組織和紀律約束的高中女生。她們對他人包容和排斥的策略,既是當時社會制度和風氣的體現,又展示了年輕人未經政治風雨及世俗侵染的青春和純潔。 《組織部新來的年輕人》揭露了官僚機構中逐漸滲透到日常工作中的審查制度。王蒙塑造了一個能自我審查隱患的主角林震。雖然其組織部的同事在小說中被描述為懶惰、謹慎並缺乏熱忱,林震自己也時常陷入懷疑和困惑,但他保留了“打起精神”和努力工作的價值觀。通過研究王蒙這兩部小說中所展現出來的樂觀主義精神,本文揭示了那個時代的當權者和民眾是如何將這種樂觀向上的價值取向逐步演變成政治審查的要素,從而構建起一個統一的文化主題。
Downloads
参考
Adler, Paul S. 2012. “The sociological ambivalence of bureaucracy: from Weber via Gouldner to Marx.” Organization Science 23 (1): 244–266.
Amey, L.J. and R. Kent Rasmussen. 1997. Censorship. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.
Anttonen, Salli. 2017. “From Justified to Illogical: Discourses of (Self-)Censorship and Authenticity in the Case of Two Finnish Metal Bands.” Popular Music and Society 40 (3): 274–291.
Barmé, Geremie R. 1996. Shades of Mao: The Posthumous Cult of the Great Leader. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1996.
Barmé, Geremie R. 2012. “New China Newspeak 新华文体.” The China Story, August 2, 2019. https://www.thechinastory.org/keyword/new-china-newspeak/ (Accessed February 17, 2019).
Bernstein, Thomas P. and Hua-yu Li, eds. 2010. China Learns from the Soviet Union, 1949–present. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Bianco, Lucien. 2018. Stalin and Mao: A Comparison of the Russian and Chinese Revolutions. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libproxy.uoregon.edu/lib/uoregon/detail.action?docID=5435045.
Boyer, Dominic. 2003. “Censorship as a Vocation: The Institutions, Practices, and Cultural Logic of Media Control in the German Democratic Republic.” Society for Comparative Study of Society and History 45 (3): 511–545. doi:10.1017/S0010417503000240
Cai Xiang 蔡翔. 2010. Geming/xushu: Zhongguo shehui kexuezhuyi wenxue—wenhua xiangxiang 革命/敘述: 中國社會科學主義文學—文化想像 (Revolution/narrative: China’s socialist literary and cultural imaginaries). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe.
Cai Xiang. 2016. Revolution and Its Narratives: China’s Socialist Literary and Cultural Imaginaries, 1949–1966. Translated by Rebecca E. Karl and Xueping Zhong. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Cheek, Timothy. 1984. “The Fading of Wild Lilies: Wang Shiwei and Mao Zedong’s Yan’an Talks in the First CPC Rectification Movement.” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 11: 25–58.
Chin, Sei Jeong. 2018. “Institutional Origins of the Media Censorship in China: The Making of the Socialist Media Censorship System in 1950s Shanghai.” The Journal of Contemporary China 27: 956–972.
Dai Qing. 1994. Wang Shiwei and “Wild Lilies:” Rectification and Purges in the Chinese Communist Party, 1942–1944. Trans. Nancy Liu and Lawrence R. Sullivan. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Fisac, Taciana. 2012. “‘Anything at Variance with it Must Be Revised Accordingly’: Rewriting Modern Chinese Literature During the 1950s.” The China Journal 67 (January): 131–148.
Fokkema, Douwe Wessel. 1965. Literary Doctrine and Soviet Influence (1953–1957). The Hague: Mouton.
Fu, Zhengyuan. 1993. Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gide, André. 1937. Return from the USSR. New York: Knopf.
Goldman, Merle. 1969. “The unique ‘Blooming and Contending’ of 1961–62. The China Quarterly 37 (Jan–Mar): 54–83.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1970. Toward a Rational Society. Translated by J. Shapiro. Boston: Beacon Press.
Halberstam, Jack. 2017. “Trigger Happy: From Content Warning to Censorship.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 42 (21): 536–542.
Haraszti, Miklós. 1987. The Velvet Prison: Artists Under State Socialism. Translated by K. Landesmann, S. Landesmann, and S. Wasserman. New York: Basic Books.
Hearn, Francis. 1978. “Rationality and Bureaucracy: Maoist Contributions to a Marxist Theory of Bureaucracy.” The Sociological Quarterly 19 (Winter): 37–54.
Hillenbrand, Margaret. 2020. Negative Exposures: Knowing What Not to Know in Contemporary China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Holquist, Michael. 1994. “Corrupt Originals: The Paradox of Censorship.” PMLA 109 (1): 14–25.
Hong, Zicheng. 2007. A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature. Leiden: Brill.
Huters, Theodore. 2011. “Legibility vs. the Fullness of Expression: Rethinking the Transformation of Modern Chinese Prose.” Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 10 (2): 80–104.
Jansen, Sue Curry. 1988. Censorship: The Knot that Binds Power and Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Krygier, Martin. 1985. “Marxism and bureaucracy: A paradox resolved.” Politics 20:2 (November): 58–69.
Li Tuo 李托. 2019 [1993]. “Ding Ling bu jiandan—Maotizhixia zhishi fengzi zai huayu zhongde fuza juese” 丁玲不简单——毛体制下知识分子在话语生成中的复杂角色 (Ding Ling is not so easy: The complex role of intellectuals in the production of discourse under Maoism). https://www.douban.com/group/topic/8071058/. Accessed February 17, 2019. Originally published in Jintian 今天 (Today) in 1993.
Li, Yan. 2019. China’s Soviet Dream. New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
Link, Perry. 2000. The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Long, Robert Emmet. 1990. Censorship. New York: H.W. Wilson.
Löwy, Michael. 1981. The Politics of Combined and Uneven Development: The Theory of Permanent Revolution. London: Verso Editions and NLB.
McCormick, John and Mairi MacInnes. 1962. Versions of Censorship: An Anthology. Chicago: Aldine.
Meisner, Maurice. 1982. Marxism, Maoism, and Utopianism: Eight Essays. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Ng, Lynda. 2015. “China’s Elusive Truths: Censorship, Value and Literature in the Internet Age.” In Censorship and the Limits of the Literary. Ed. Nicole Moore. 233-246. London: Bloomsbury.
Nieh, Hualing. 1981. Literature of the Hundred Flowers, V. II: Poetry and Fiction. New York: Columbia University Press.
Paxton, Mark. 2008. Censorship. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
Poerschke, Hans and Harry Grannich. 1983. Theoretischen Grundfragen des sozialistischen Journalismus. Leipzig: Karl-Marx-Universität Sektion Journalistik.
Ruan Yuan 阮元. 1995. Jinhui shumu 禁毁书目 (List of banned books). Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe.
Skilling, Gordon. 1961. “Permanent or Uninterrupted Revolution: Lenin, Trotsky, and their Successors on the Transition to Socialism.” Canadian Slavonic Papers/Revue Canadienne des Slavistes 5: 3–30.
Song, Mingwei. 2009. “The Taming of the Youth: Discourse, Politics, and Fictional Representation in the Early PRC.” Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 9(2): 108–138.
Tan, Zaixi. 2015. “Censorship in translation: The case of the People’s Republic of China.” Neohelicon 42: 313–339.
Twiss, Thomas M. 2014. Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy. Leiden: Brill.
van Ree, Erik. 2013. “Marxism as Permanent Revolution.” History of Political Thought, Vol. XXXIV, N.3 (Autumn): 540–563.
Volland, Nicolai. 2017. Socialist Cosmopolitanism: The Chinese Literary Universe, 1945–1965. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wang Meng 王蒙. 2009 (1956). Zuzhibu xinlai ge nianqing ren 组织部新来个年轻人 (A young man arrives at the Organization Department), Guangzhou: Huacheng chubanshe.
Wang Meng 王蒙. 1981a. A Young Man Arrives at the Organization Department. in Literature of the Hundred Flowers, V. II: Poetry and Fiction. Edited and co-translated by Hualing Nieh. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wang Meng 王蒙. 1981b [1957]. “On ‘A Young Man Arrives at the Organization Department,’” in Nieh, 511–517. Originally published as “Guanyu ‘Zuzhibu xinlai ge nianqing ren’” (On “A Young Man Arrives at the Organization Department”). Renmin ribao 人民日报 (People’s daily). May 8, 1957.
Wang Meng 王蒙. 2006. Sulian ji 苏联祭 (A tribute to the Soviet Union). Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe.
Wang Meng 王蒙. 2013a. Qingchun wansui 青春万岁 (Long live youth). Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe.
Wang Meng 王蒙. 2013b. “Qingchun wansui liushi nian” 青春万岁六十年 (Sixty years of Long Live Youth). Xin wenxue shiliao 新文学史料 (New materials in literary history) 2013 (2): 4–19.
Wang Meng 王蒙. 2018. Wang Meng: A Life. Translated by Zhu Hong and Liu Haiming. Portland, ME: Merwin Asia.
Wei Hongqiu 魏洪丘. 2010. “Nianqing ren de zhencheng reqing yu shishi dongming—chong du Wang Meng de ‘Zuzhibu laile yige nianqing ren’” 年轻人的真诚热情与世事洞明 —— 重读王蒙的《组织部来了个年轻人》 (Young people’s sincere enthusiasm and knowledge of world affairs—rereading Wang Meng’s ‘A young man arrives at the organization department’). Shidian: Zhongguo dangdai wenxue lunzheng dang’an 3: 10–12.
Wen Fengqiao 温奉桥. 2006. “‘Zuzhibu laile ge nianqingren’ yanjiu 50 nian shuping” 《组织部来了个年轻人》研究50年述评 (A review of fifty years of research on ‘A young man arrives at the organization department’). Journal of Ocean University of China 5: 64–68.
Wolf, Michaela. 2002. “Censorship as cultural blockage: Banned literature in the late Habsburg Monarchy.” TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 15:2: 45–61.
Xue Hanwei 薛汉伟, Xin Zhongqin辛仲勤, and Pan Guohua潘国华. 1984. Geming yu buduan geming yanjiu 革命与不断革命研究 (Research on revolution and permanent revolution). Lanshou: Gansu renmin chubanshe.
Downloads
已出版
Versions
- 2020-12-30 (2)
- 2021-03-07 (1)
How to Cite
期
栏目
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Wendy Larson
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.