Inwiefern sind ethnische Stereotype in Kinderfilmen ein pädagogisch relevantes Problem?
Eine Auseinandersetzung anhand von drei Filmbeispielen
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21243/mi-02-19-02Schlagworte:
Kinderfilm, Ethnische Stereotype, Stereotype, Klischee, Vorurteil, ethnische GruppeAbstract
Unter Berücksichtigung bisheriger Forschungsbefunde setzt sich der folgende Beitrag mit stereotypen Darstellungen ethnischer Gruppen in populären Kinderfilmen auseinander und behandelt die Frage, inwiefern solche Darstellungen als relevantes pädagogisches Problem zu betrachten sind. Im Fokus stehen dabei mögliche Handlungsoptionen von Eltern und PädagogInnen sowie der Kinderfilm-Industrie selbst. In diesem Zusammenhang wird argumentiert, dass das Ableiten sinnvoller pädagogischer Schlussfolgerungen nur unter Berücksichtigung individueller Merkmale der jeweiligen RezipientInnen sowie der jeweiligen filmischen Darstellungen möglich ist. Zur näheren Veranschaulichung dieser These werden stereotype Darstellungen in drei verschiedenen Beispiel-Filmen besprochen und im Hinblick auf jeweils denkbare Implikationen diskutiert.
Literaturhinweise
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Sperb, Jason (2010): Reassuring Convergence: Online fandom, race, and Disney’s notorious Song of the South, in: Cinema Journal, 49, 25–45.
Tukachinsky, Riva (2015): Where we have been and where we can go from here: looking to the future in research on media, race, and ethnicity, in: Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 186–199.
Turner, Patricia A. (1994): Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies. Black images and their influence on culture, New York: Anchor Books.
Towbin, Mia A./Haddock, Shelley A./Zimmerman, Toni S./Lund, Lori K./Tanner, Litsa R. (2003): Images of gender, race, age, and sexual orientation in Disney feature-length animated films, in: Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 15, 19–44.
Valkenburg, Patti M./Krcmar, Marina/Peeters, Allerd L./Marseille, Nies M. (1999): Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation: “Instructive Mediation”, “Restrictive Mediation”, and “Social Coviewing”, in: Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 1999, 43, 52–66.
van Wormer, Katharine/Juby, Cindy (2016): Cultural representations in Walt Disney films: Implications for social work education, in: Journal of Social Work, 16, 578–594.
Vargas, Lucila (2006): Transnational media literacy: Analytic reflections on a program with Latina teens, in: Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28, 267–285.
Willets, Kheli R. (2013): Canniballs and coons. Blackness in the early days of Walt Disney, in: Cheu Johnson (Hg.): Diversity in Disney films. Critical essays on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality and disability, Jefferson: McFarland, 9–22.
Yeomann, Elizabeth (1999): ‘How does it get into my imagination?’ Elementary school children’s intertextual knowledge and gendered storylines, in: Gender & Education, 11, 427–440.
Yosso, Tara J. (2002): Critical race media literacy: Challenging deficit discourse about Chicanas/os, in: Journal of Popular Film & Televison, 30, 52–62.
Artz, Lee (2004): The righteousness of self-centered royals: The world according to Disney animation, in: Critical Arts, 18(1), 116–145.
Baacke, Dieter (1997): Medienpädagogik, Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Bodenhausen, Galen V./Schwarz, Norbert/Bless, Herbert/Wänke, Michaela (1995): Effects of atypical exemplars on racial beliefs: Enlightened racism or generalized appraisals? in: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 48–63.
Dennis, Everette E. (2011): Preface, in: Ross, Susan Dente/Lester, Paul Martin (Hg.): Images that injure. Pictorial stereotypes in the media, Santa Barbara: Praeger, ix–xi.
Faherty, Vincent E.(2001): Is the mouse sensitive? A study of race, gender, and social vulnerability in Disney animated films, in: SIMILE: Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 1 (3), 1–8.
Fisch, Shalom (2018): Mit einer Kindersendung Akzeptanz gegenüber anderen Menschen fördern? in: Televizion, 31, 21–26.
Ganter, Stephan(1997): Stereotype und Vorurteile: Konzeptualisierung, Operationalisierung und Messung (Arbeitspapiere des Mannheimer Zentrums für Europäische Sozialforschung), Mannheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung.
Giroux, Henry A. (1999): Ist Disney gut für Ihre Kinder? in: Beiträge Jugendliteratur und Medien, 51, 3–14.
Gunter, Barrie (1987): “Television and the fear of crime.”, London: John Libbey and Co.
Hobbs, Renee/Cabral, Nuala/Ebrahimi, Aghigh/Yoon, Jiwon/Al-Humaidan, Rawia (2010): Combating Middle East stereotypes through media literacy education in elementary school; online unter: https://mediaeducationlab.com/sites/default/files/Combatting%2520Stereotypes%2520through%2520ML%25206.5.10_0.pdf (letzter Zugriff: 06.04.2019).
Lacroix, Celeste (2004): Images of animated others: The orientalization of Disney’s cartoon heroines from The Little Mermaid to The Hunchback of Notre Dame, in: Popular Communication, 2, 213–229.
Mastro, Dana. (2015): Why the media’s role in issues of race and ethnicity should be in the spotlight, in: Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 1–16.
Mastro, Dana/Behm-Moawitz, Elizabeth/Ortiz, Michelle (2007): The cultivation of social perceptions of Latinos: A mental model approach, in: Media Psychology, 9, 1–19.
McKown, Clarke/Weinstein, Rhonas(2003): The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood, in: Child Development, 74, 498–515.
Mlapa, Manda (2018): Kinderfernsehen ist vor allem weiß. Analyse von bildungsorientierten Programmen weltweit, in: Televizion, 31, 34–35.
Peffley, Mark/Shield, Todd/Williams, Bruce (1996): The intersection of race and crime in television news stories: An experimental study, in: Political Communication, 13, 309–327.
Pimentel, Octavio/Velázquez, Paul(2009): Shrek 2: An appraisal of mainstream’s influence on identity, in: Journal of Latinos and Education, 8, 5–21.
Polednak, Anthony P.(1989): Racial and ethnic differences in disease, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ramasubramaniam, Srividya (2015): Using celebrity news stories to effectively reduce racial/ethnic prejudice, in: Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 123–138.
Rivadeneyra, Rocio/Ward, L. Monique/Gordon, Maya (2007): Distorted reflections: Media exposure and Latino adolescents’ conceptions of self, in: Media Psychology, 9, 261–290.
Scharrer, Erica/Ramasubramaniam, Srividya (2015): Intevening in the media’s influence on stereotypes of race and ethnicity: The role of media literacy education, in: Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 171–185.
Schmidt, Carolyn S. (2006): Not just Disney: Destructive stereotypes of Arabs in children’s literature, in Dary A. Zabel (Hg.): Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary essays in the Arab diaspora,New York: Peter Land, 169–182.
Schwender, Clemens/ Petersen, Thomas (2016): Visuelle Stereotype in der Kommunikationsforschung, in: Lobinger, Katharina (Hg.): Handbuch Visuelle Kommunikationsforschung, Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 1–23.
Smith, Stacy/Pieper, Katherine M./Granados, Amy/Choueiti, Marc (2010): Assessing gender-related portrayals in top-grossing G-rated films, in: Sex Roles, 62, 774–786.
Smith, Stacy/Choueiti, Marc/Pieper, Katherine M. (2013): Race/ethnicity in 500 popular films: Is the key to diversifying cinematic content held in the hand of the Black director?, online unter: https://annenberg.usc.edu/sites/default/files/MDSCI_Race_Ethnicity_in_500_Popular_Films.pdf (letzter Zugriff: 06.04.2019).
Spector, Alan J. (1998): Disney does diversity: The social context of racial-ethnic imagery, in: Yahya Kamalipour/TheresaCarilli (Hg): Cultural diversity and the U.S. media, Albany: State University of New York Press, 39–50.
Sperb, Jason (2010): Reassuring Convergence: Online fandom, race, and Disney’s notorious Song of the South, in: Cinema Journal, 49, 25–45.
Tukachinsky, Riva (2015): Where we have been and where we can go from here: looking to the future in research on media, race, and ethnicity, in: Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 186–199.
Turner, Patricia A. (1994): Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies. Black images and their influence on culture, New York: Anchor Books.
Towbin, Mia A./Haddock, Shelley A./Zimmerman, Toni S./Lund, Lori K./Tanner, Litsa R. (2003): Images of gender, race, age, and sexual orientation in Disney feature-length animated films, in: Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 15, 19–44.
Valkenburg, Patti M./Krcmar, Marina/Peeters, Allerd L./Marseille, Nies M. (1999): Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation: “Instructive Mediation”, “Restrictive Mediation”, and “Social Coviewing”, in: Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 1999, 43, 52–66.
van Wormer, Katharine/Juby, Cindy (2016): Cultural representations in Walt Disney films: Implications for social work education, in: Journal of Social Work, 16, 578–594.
Vargas, Lucila (2006): Transnational media literacy: Analytic reflections on a program with Latina teens, in: Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28, 267–285.
Willets, Kheli R. (2013): Canniballs and coons. Blackness in the early days of Walt Disney, in: Cheu Johnson (Hg.): Diversity in Disney films. Critical essays on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality and disability, Jefferson: McFarland, 9–22.
Yeomann, Elizabeth (1999): ‘How does it get into my imagination?’ Elementary school children’s intertextual knowledge and gendered storylines, in: Gender & Education, 11, 427–440.
Yosso, Tara J. (2002): Critical race media literacy: Challenging deficit discourse about Chicanas/os, in: Journal of Popular Film & Televison, 30, 52–62.
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Veröffentlicht
2019-07-21
Zitationsvorschlag
Hemmerich, F. (2019). Inwiefern sind ethnische Stereotype in Kinderfilmen ein pädagogisch relevantes Problem? Eine Auseinandersetzung anhand von drei Filmbeispielen. Medienimpulse, 57(2). https://doi.org/10.21243/mi-02-19-02
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