The Nexus between Future of Work and Future of Higher Education: Redefining Employability and Equity.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21243/mi-01-20-7Schlagworte:
Technologie, Zukunft der Arbeit, Zukunft der Bildung, Beschäftigungsfähigkeit, GerechtigkeitAbstract
Mit dem aktuellen Beginn eines neuen Jahrzehnts entsteht auch ein tiefergehendes Verständnis dafür, dass gesellschaftlicher Wandel nicht mehr aufzuhalten ist. Denn der wirtschaftliche Fortschritt und das soziale Wohlergehen einer Wirtschaft beruhen vermutlich auf der Fähigkeit, sich anzupassen und auf Veränderungen zu reagieren. Diese Veränderungen lassen sich grob als technologische Innovationen, digitale Fortschritte und Automatisierung im persönlichen und beruflichen Bereich zusammenfassen. Inmitten des anhaltenden technologischen Optimismus und anderer sozioökonomischer Veränderungen werden sich die Volkswirtschaften auch der Notwendigkeit bewusst, sich auf die Zukunft der Arbeit (Future of Work – FoW) vorzubereiten. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Steigerung der Beschäftigung mit der zugrunde liegenden Annahme, dass Hochschulbildung wesentlich zum wirtschaftlichen Wohlstand der Nationen beitragen und kompetente Arbeitskräfte zur Verfügung stellen kann. Das Konzept der Beschäftigung steht heute auch im Mittelpunkt der Hochschulpolitik. Obwohl Beschäftigung als „objektiver Begriff“ definiert wurde, der anhand der Anzahl der nach dem Studium beschäftigten Personen gemessen werden kann, hat sie auch eine „subjektive“ Bedeutung in Bezug auf den Wert der Arbeit für den Einzelnen und das mit der Arbeit verbundene lebenslange Lernen etabliert. Dieser Artikel konzentriert sich auf diese subjektive Dimension der Beschäftigung, welche die individuelle Motivation, das soziale Lernen und die Anpassungsfähigkeit im digitalen Zeitalter umfasst. Es wird argumentiert, dass der Einzelne nun mehr kognitive, kreative und soziale Fähigkeiten am Arbeitsplatz benötigt, um einen reibungslosen Übergang in die Zukunft der Arbeit zu ermöglichen. Die „Positional conflict theory“ wird in der Folge dazu verwendet, den Zusammenhang zwischen Hochschulbildung, Beschäftigungsfähigkeit und Zukunft der Arbeit in einer sich wandelnden Zeit zu kontextualisieren.
Literaturhinweise
Anthony, R. Stephan/Kamen, Martin/Bannister, Catherine (2017): Tech fluency: A foundation of future careers. Deloitte Review, issue 21, online at https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/deloitte-review/issue-21/tech-fluency-mastering-the-language-of-technology.html (last access: 20.03.2020).
Ashton, David/Green, Francis (1996): Education, Training and Global Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Bridgstock, Ruth (2009): The graduate attributes we’ve overlooked: enhancing graduate employability through career management skills in Higher Education Research & Development, 31–44.
Brodbelt, Samuel (1983): Education as Growth: Life-Long Learning, in: The Clearing House, New York: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Brown, Philip/Hesketh, Anthony/Williams, Sara (2003): Employability in a Knowledge-driven Economy, in: Journal of Education and Work 16, 2, 1–17.
Brynjolfsson, Erik/McAfee, Andrew (2012): Revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy, Lexington MA: Digital Frontier Press.
CBI (1999): Making Employability Work: An Agenda for Action, London: Confederation of British Industry.
Clarke, Marilyn (2018): Rethinking graduate employability: the role of capital, individual attributes, and context, in: Studies in Higher Education 43, 11, 1923–1937.
Falco, Paolo (2019): The future of work: What do we know? In: Gurría, Angel (ed.): OECD Employment Outlook 2019. online at https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2019_9ee00155-en#page68 (last access: 20.03.2020), 37–90.
Fisk, Peter (2019): Future of Work, Future of Education, in: Rethinking how to learn in a world of exponential change, online at: https://www.thegeniusworks.com/2019/06/education-for-the-future-preparing-children-for-an-incredible-exponential-world/ (last access: 20.03.2020).
Forbes (2020): How Will Education Change With The Future Of Work? Online at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2020/01/07/how-will-education-change-with-the-future-of-work/#13d2e4986a6c (last access: 20.03.2020).
Frey, Carl Benedikt/ Osborne, Michael A. (2013): The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Jobs Are Jobs To Computerization? Online at: https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf (last access: 20.03.2020).
Garcia, Ahiza (2018): IBM is betting big on blockchain technology. Is it worth the risk? online at: https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/06/technology/ibm-blockchain-gamble/index.html (last access: 20.03.2020).
Gibbs, Edwina (2019): Inside Alibaba’s new hotel in China that looks like a spaceship and is staffed by robot bartenders, online at: Insider: https://www.businessinsider.com/r-at-alibabas-futuristic-hotel-robots-deliver-towels-and-mix-cocktails-2019-1?r=DE&IR=T (last access: 20.03.2020).
Harvey, Andrew/Andrewartha, Lisa/Edwards, Daniel/Clarke, Julia/Reyes, Kimberly (2017): Student Equity and Employability in Higher Education, in: National Priorities Pool (Higher Education Participation and Partnerships Programme), online at: https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/792222/La-Trobe-NPP-Employability-Research-Report-1-February-2017.pdf (last access: 20.03.2020).
Harvey, Lee (2001): Defining and Measuring Employability, in: Quality in Higher Education 7, 2, 97–109.
Harvey, Lee (2017): Employability and student equity in higher education: The role of university careers services, in: Australian Council for Educational Research 26, 2,71–80.
Helyer, Ruth/Lee, Dionne (2014): The Role of Work Experience in the Future Employability of Higher Education Graduates, in: Higher Education Quarterly, 348–372.
Hora, Matthew T. (2020): Hiring as cultural gatekeeping into occupational communities: implications for higher education and student employability, in: Higher Education 79, 307–324.
Hora, Matthew T./Smolarek, Bailey B./Martin, Kelly Noris/Scrivener, Luke (2019): Exploring the Situated and Cultural Aspects of Communication in the Professions: Implications for Teaching, Student Employability, and Equity in Higher Education, in: American Educational Research Journal 56, 6, 2221–2261.
Huang, Yueh Min/Hsieh, Ming Yuan (2020): An Interdisciplinary Research on Students’ Employability in Technology Education to Advance Higher Education Enrolment Sustainability, in: Sustainability 12, 5, 1806, 1–16.
James, David (2011): Knowledge, values and educational policy – a critical perspective, in: Journal of Education Policy 3, 473–475.
Jo, Stacey (2018): Volvo Uses Car’s A.I. Conduct Job Interviews, online at: https://autoconversion.net/blog/automotive/news-brief-volvo-uses-cars-a-i-to-conduct-job-interviews/ (last access: 20.03.2020).
Jobs, Fo (2016): Employment, Skills and Workforce Strategy for Fourth Industrial Revolution, in: Global Challenge Insight Report, World Economic Forum.
Jones, Burton A. (2003): Knowledge Capitalism: the new learning economy, in: Policy Futures in Education 1, 1, 143–159.
Kalfa, Senia/Taska, Lucy (2015): Cultural Capital in Business Higher Education: Reconsidering the Graduate Attributes, in: Studies in Higher Education 40, 4, 580–595.
Kari, Smith/Gamlem, Siv Maseidvag/Sandal, Ann Karin/Engelsen, Knut Steina (2016): Educating for the Future: A conceptual framework of responsive pedagogy, in: Cogent Education.
Lent, Robert W. (2018): Future of Work in the Digital World: Preparing for Instability and Opportunity, in: The Career Development Quarterly 66, 3, 205–219.
Lindsay, Colin/McQuaid, Ronald, W. (2005): The Concept of Employability, in: Urban Studies 42, 2, 197–219.
Lucky, Nkosi (2020): Social Intelligence is among the most critical of skills, online at: https://dev.to/luckynkosi/social-intelligence-is-among-the-most-critical-of-skills-38k8 (last access: 20.03.2020).
Mackie, Alan (2016): The Covenant of Employability, online at: https://medium.com/uncertain-futures/the-covenant-of-employability-9ff1ee8a9656 (last access: 20.03.2020).
Römgens, Inge/Scoupe, Rémi/Beausaert, Simon (2019): Unravelling the concept of employability, bringing together research on employability in higher education and the workplace, in: Studies in Higher Education, 1–17.
Milenkovic, Milja (2019): The Future of Employment – 30 Telling Gig Economy Statistics, online at: https://wwmw.sallbizgenius.net/by-the-numbers/gig-economy-statistics/#gref (last access: 20.03.2020).
Misra, Rajnish Kumar/Khurana, Khushbu (2017): Employability Skills among Information Technology Professionals: A Literature Review, in: Procedia Computer Science 122, 63–77.
O'Donohue, Pearse/Rautavirta, Maria/Plexida, Elena (2019): Future Internet: Opening Session: Rethinking The Future Of The Internet – Objectives, Priorities, Opportunities, in Future Internet Conference 2019, online at: https://www.theinternetofthings.eu/brussel-future-internet-opening-session-rethinking-future-internet-objectives-priorities (last access: 20.03.2020).
OECD (2019): The Future of Work: Jobs at risk of automation in OECD countries, in: OECD Employment Outlook 2019.
Østergaard, Simon Fuglsang/Nordlund, Adam Graafland (2019): How can higher education systems better prepare for our Fourth Industrial Revolution future? Online at: World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/12/fourth-industrial-revolution-higher-education-challenges (last access: 20.03.2020).
Pastore, Francesco (2018): New Education Models for the Workforce of the Future, in: IZA Policy Paper 143, 2–14.
Peters, Michael A. (2003): Education Policy in the Age of Knowledge Capitalism, in: Policy Futures in Education 1, 2, 361–380.
Pollard, Emma/Hirsh, Wendy/Williams, Matthew/Buzzeo Jonathan/Marvell, Rosa/Tassinari, Arianna/Bertram, Christine/Fletcher, Luke/Artess, Jane/Redman, Jennifer/Ball, Charlie (2015): Understanding employers’ graduate recruitment and selection practices, in: BIS Research Paper 231, London, UK.
Pollard, Emma/Jim, Hillage (1998): Employability: Developing a Framework for Policy Analysis, in: Research Report No. 85, Department for Education and Employment.
Rene, Parrish D. (2016): Principles and a Model for Advancing Future-oriented and Student-focused Teaching and Learning, in: Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 228, 311–315.
Somerville, Belgin Okay/Scholarios, Dora (2017): Position, possession or process? Understanding objective and subjective employability during university-to-work transitions, in: Studies in Higher Education 42, 7, 1275–1291.
Vanhercke, Dorien/Cuyper, Nele De/Peeters, Ellen/Witte, Hans De (2014): Defining Perceived Employability – A Psychological Approach, in: Personnel Review 43, 4, 592–605.
Zeveleva, Katherine/Mirumyan, Karin (2019): Robot news presenter causes a stir on Russian TV, online at: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47981274 (last access: 20.03.2020).
